The Abuse Of Native Americans

The Abuse Of Native Americans The white colonizers of the past helped turn the once New World into the United States of America, a dominating world power that prides itself on being a fair, non-discrimatory and liberal country. What has been long forgotten is how they made their progress, that is, the destruction, torture, and unfair treatment of the first inhabitants of America, and how these people are treated to this day. Early Colonization The colonization of the Americas is dated all the way back to the 11th century when the Vikings (the Norse) settled in Greenland and Newfoundland. The contact they had with the indigenous people, the Inuits, was hostile, something that could have been taken as a sign of forewarning of the later contact between the natives and the European colonizers. These Norse colonies were not long-lived and they eventually disbanded in the 15th century.  [1]   In 1492, Columbus headed the expedition to America in the name of the Spanish. Colonization and exploration grew very popular and soon most of the islands in the Caribbean had been colonized.  [2]  By 1494, the Spanish and Portuguese had made the treaty of Tordesillas which divided the New World between themselves. The Portuguese took all of what is now present-day Brazil while the Spanish pushed onward with conquering as much as possible. Spanish Conquistadors Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes, had overthrown the once very powerful Aztec Empire in Mexico who had thought him to be Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec god who had come to destroy their empire. He slaughtered thousands and people and burned some of the city.  [3]  Pizzaro, a second cousin to Cortes, overtook the Incas in Peru, also massacring thousand and ransacking the entire empire. What is astonishing is the pure cruelty of these men in the name of Spain who had been welcomed with open arms.  [4]  In an account by Waman Poma, the Incan emperor, Atahualpa, sent gifts to the Spanish. Poma wrote, The presents consisted of male servants and sacred virgins. Some of the virgins were also offered to the Spaniards horses, because, seeing them eat maize, the Peruvians took them for a kind of human being. Until that time, horses were unknown to our people and it seemed advisable to treat them with respect.  [5]   Continued Colonization Colonization continued on, with Spanish Florida, the English colonies of Virginia and New England, the French colonies of Acadia and Canada, the Swedish colony of New Sweden, and the Dutch New Netherland. By the 18th century, Denmark-Norway revived their colonies in Greenland and Russia took Alaska.  [6]   It is quite obvious that with the onset of so many foreigners, the Europeans, clash was eminent. What wasnt so easily seen was what the Europeans brought with them-disease. Smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria, and measles wiped 10 to 20 million of the indigenous population.  [7]  Before these plagues, the natives had been used as servants and slaves but once they started dying out, Africans were brought to the Americas to take their place. White Overtaking and Manifest Destiny As more and more Europeans came to the Americas, the more land they wanted to cultivate and occupy. By the 17th century, for every one Native American, there were three white Europeans.  [8]   During the 1800s, John L. OSullivan, the New York newspaper editor used the phrase Manifest Destiny.  [9]  He had created a term for a long-held belief that the whites of America had the right to expand their territory to the West, that it was their duty and was approved by God in every way. People started making advertisements, paintings, and pictures to encourage the expansion.  [10]   What all this did was cement the idea of white supremacy over the Native Americas. None of this was a good thing for the Native Americans because now the whites had even more a reason in their minds to continue their expansion and to continue their efforts for civilizing them which meant making them live as Whites. This meant they must be Christian, must build homes and practice private property, and educate their children in a way that the dutiful White Christians saw fit.  [11]   Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears What was one of the biggest steps taken to move Native Americans so the Whites could have all access to the land was the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which was signed by President Andrew Jackson.  [12]  Though this act was supposed to be voluntary on the side of the Native Americans, community and tribe leaders were made to feel a great deal of pressure to sign the treaties that would move them from their ancestral homes to the West. This was a very controversial act and many white people were opposed to it because of how unfair it was to the Native Americans. There was definitely greater support of the Indian Removal Act though, especially by the South because they wanted access to lands where different tribes were occupying.  [13]  These tribes were called the Five Civilized Tribes which consisted of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Chickasaw, and the Seminole.  [14]   The pressure grew and chiefs finally gave in. First to sign a treaty to move with promise of new land and money was the Choctaws in Mississippi. The treaty the Choctaw chief signed was called the treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and when interviewed by the Arkansas Gazette, he said the removal was a trail of tears and death. Five years after the initial passing of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota.  [15]   The removal of the Cherokee, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw was called the Trail of Tears. These tribes were moved to Indian Territory and experienced exposure, disease, and starvation during their journey. 4000 of the 15000 Cherokee that made the journey died on their way to the Indian Territory.  [16]   Resistance, Victories and Defeats Though many Indians cooperated with the American government, some fought back and tried resisting. Indian Wars broke out and they did win some, such as the Battle of Little Bighorn. The greatest victory by the Native Americans was when Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader of a multi-tribal group, allied with the British and defeated the White Americans in Detroit St. Claires Defeat.  [17]   Although they won sometimes, the Native Americans lost quite a few battles, such as the Creek War, the Sioux Uprising, the Sand Creek Massacre, and Wounded Knee. Times were very hostile and by 1872, the United States government went by a policy that meant the extermination of all Indians unless they moved to reservations so as to be more civilized and become Christianized.  [18]  Paul Wellman describes quite accurately in his 1934 book the pure torture and disregard of Native Americans during this time: The Indian [was thought] as less than human and worthy only of extermination. We did shoot down defenseless men, and women and children at places like Camp Grant, Sand Creek, and Wounded Knee. We did feed strychnine to red warriors. We did set whole villages of people out naked to freeze in the iron cold of Montana winters. And we did confine thousands in what amounted to concentration camps.  [19]   Americanization Once the federal government had gotten most Native Americans onto reservations, they started the process of Americanizing them. The federal government was able to treat them almost as if the Indians were their wards because, in fact, they were. This was so because in 1871, the Indian Appropriation Act was passed which stated that the government no longer viewed the Indians land as separate countries and their communities as separate nations but that the land would belong to the government and the Native Americans would become wards of the United States government.  [20]  This is what the Indian Appropriation Act said: That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.  [21]   Once this was done, the government passed more laws which constricted the Native Americans even further. These laws forced them to give up their old way of life, such as moving from their traditional places of inhabitation to more Americanized homes. They were also made to change their appearance and their names. Men were often made to cut their hair and whole communities were made to abandon their old religious practices in favor of Christianity.  [22]   Schools were created for the Native American children so as to get them used to their new lives and to also quickly Americanize the youth. They were forced to choose American names and to only speak English, abandoning their native tongue. Doing this to the Native Americans was very damaging to their tribal identity and also basically stripped them of all they had once known in favor of the strange American way.  [23]   The General Allotment Act of 1887 (The Dawes Act) The Dawes Act was enacted in 1887. What this did was it took once tribally-owned land and fractioned it off to the Native Americans. Families received about 80 to 160 acres while unmarried adults received about 40 to 80 acres. The rest of the land that had not been allotted was opened to railroad development and settlers not of Native American descent.  [24]   The Dawes Act was enacted so as to better assimilate the Indians into American society which meant getting them to learn how to farm and eventually support themselves. Though it seemed like this act had good intentions, the biggest reason it was enacted was unspoken, but the most important at the time. The dividing of land was to break up the Native Americans sense of culture and unity. Along with this negative aspect was the fact that the land allotted to them was not sufficient for living off of.  [25]   Though this was obvious, in 1906 the Burk Act was passed which meant that all allot tees were deemed competent and capable and could be taxed. If they were determined incompetent by the Secretary of the Interior the land could be taken away and leased by the federal government. In total, the Dawes Act was manipulated and executed in a way that negatively affected the Native Americans, robbing them of their land and resources.  [26]   The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 (The Snyder Act) Life was a bit easier for Native Americans if they had status as an American citizen. They could acquire citizenship if a woman married a white man, through military service, if they had allotments, or through special treaties.  [27]  This was unfair because they had to go through special and unusual processes to even be considered citizens of the county they lived in while any white man had full American citizenship the day they were born. People realized this fact and in 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act (also called the Snyder Act) came along. It was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder of New York and was signed into enactment by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2.  [28]   The biggest reason though for this enactment was to, once again, better assimilate the Native Americans into American society. They had already proven themselves possible good members of society by being part of the military during World War I. This act did not include citizens born before the enactment date but did include all Native Americans that were born after.  [29]   Native Americans in WWII Once World War II broke out, the Native Americans joined in just as they had during World War I. This earned them more respect than they had had before. Because they had always had the image of the mighty and brave Indian warrior, non-Native Americans often called their Indian comrades chief which could have been seen as a token of respect.  [30]  The movement of the Native Americans to go to war was the largest scale exodus since the Indian Removal Act during the 1800s. The war had a huge impact on the Native Americans and their lives back home. Seeing the outside world change their perspective on life. Also, they were able to find well-paying work because of the wartime labor shortages because of the men away at war.  [31]   What also brought added respect and boosted the reputations of the Native Americans was that the military used Navajo code talkers to communicate secret information in the Pacific. This code was never decoded by the Japanese.  [32]   Further Racism and Discrimination Though Native Americans had moved further up in status over time, it was not by much, Native Americans were still highly discriminated against and were not seen as equals in American society. Because of this, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was formed and was very much active during the 1960s and 1970s.  [33]  They worked to better the quality of Native American life and men and women leaders became powerful in doing so. One leader was a woman named Anna Mae Pictou Aquash. She put her own beliefs and demands for equality before her own safety. Because of this she was often involved in plots which led to her being in and out of jail. One plot, though, led to her being in much more serious trouble then her usual short jail sentence. She had been arrested in South Dakota for being an FBI killer. Two agents had been killed by members of AIM and because Aquash was a prominent leader, it seemed likely by the police for her to be somehow involved and deserved to be under suspicion. She was released on bail. Aquash was caught in Oregon and fled once again, fearing for her own life and safety. Sadly, she was found dead in 1976 on a Lakota ranch. She was not identifiable by police so her hands were cut from her body to possibly identify her.  [34]   The death of Aquash made Native Americans even more aware of their status in American society because she had only stood up for her beliefs, and she had been killed for it. Her people later found a bullet hole in the back of her head and found it suspicious that the police had cut off her hands to identify the body which they saw as being unnecessary and a sign that they may have been covering up Aquashs murder.  [35]   Indian Reservations Today Though the Indian Reservations were created so long ago, the quality of life has barely changed. It is extremely poor. So poor, in fact, that they are likened to developing countries.  [36]  60% of children are born out of wedlock and Native Americans are the third highest group in the country for teenage pregnancy. The suicide rate of Native American teenagers is three times that of the rest of America.  [37]   Alcoholism is a big problem of reservations. Native Americans are four times more likely to die of alcoholism and 17 times more likely to die in an accident involving alcohol. In addition to this, they are twice as likely to be involved in an arrest concerning alcohol.  [38]   One of the worst reservations is the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. It is one of the poorest in the nation. The unemployment rate is 35% to 45% and homelessness is 30%. The average income for those living on this reservation is $6100 a year.  [39]   Because of these terrible statistics, the reservations in the nation have the right to run casinos to bring in revenue through attracted tourists. They were given this right in the 1987 case, California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians. In the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, their right was formally recognized.  [40]   Conclusion The Native Americans of the Americas have been through so much since the colonization that began hundreds of years ago. The treatment of them has been cruel and inhumane in all regards. Luckily, some acts have been taken to fix the problems these people face everyday. Hopefully in the future, they will have a better life for themselves and will experience less racism and poverty. With the help of the rest of American society, this is 100% possible.

Insider Trading and Martha Stewart Essay

Martha Stewart, homemaker turned media mogul, spent time in 2004 and 2005 in jail for illegal insider trading. While insider trading is not necessarily illegal if reported properly, more often insider trading is done in a fraudulent manner. This paper will examine insider trading and discuss the Martha Stewart case in regards to fraudulent insider trading. Insider trading is when corporate insiders such as officers, directors, or holders trade more than 10% of the corporations stocks or securities (wikipedia, 2006). Insider trading is legal as long as the transaction is reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and not based on material non-public information. Insider trading is illegal when a corporate ‘insider’ is misappropriating private information, and trading on it or secretly relaying the information (wikipedia, 2006). Illegal insider trading is considered a violation of trust to the shareholders and destroys the level playing field for all investors to make decisions based on the same information. In the Martha Stewart case, Stewart received information from her friend Sam Waksal that his company, ImClone’s cancer drug had been rejected by the FDA before the information was made public (Rasmussen, 2006). The rejection by the FDA caused ImClone’s stock to drop sharply. Before this news was made public, Martha Stewart had her stockbroker sell her 4000 shares of ImClone. The ‘inside’ information saved Stewart a lot of money when she sold her shares premature of the bad news going public for ImClone. The Martha Stewart verdict was justified because Martha was not forthcoming with the information she knew and her motives to sell the stock. Martha and especially her stockbroker knew they were taking advantage of what seemed like ‘lucky’ information. Although Martha felt like a scapegoat, there are many others that have probably committed the same crime of insider trading and hopefully this case has helped deter further violations of the law in the future.

English Research Paper for Sale Online Guide

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Theme Of Happiness In Thoreaus Walden - 744 Words

In Thoreau’s book Walden, the author lets us know how he views happiness. And what obstacles he believes we must get through to achieve this happiness. He explains what his views are on happiness throughout some of his readings. Readings such as Where I Lived and What For, Reading, Solitude, and Conclusions. Throughout various text, Thoreau will prove to the readers what happiness looks like to him. Many things can be considered an obstacle to man’s happiness. The lack of money, loneliness, and illness to name a few. According to Thoreau, man’s greatest obstacles to happiness are the lack of experience, of knowledge, and culture. He urges men to read more, to fill himself with a rich sense of culture in order to gain a better†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"...soon enough to forget them when we have the learning and the genius which will enable us to attend to and appreciate them† (Thoreau, â€Å"Reading,† Par. 6). When focusing on something, we sometimes have the tendency to forget what happiness truly means to us. Some people focus too much on one certain thing and expect to have the true happiness we have been searching for. Thoreau’s proven point was to help the reader understand that taking new challenges is okay and it can helps us become happier and wiser. Happiness comes in all sorts of different ways and with the knowledge that we get whether it comes from books or nature, Thoreau knew that challenging oneself would help one reach the happiness they are searching for. Thoreau argues that happiness comes from you, not from the people around you or the things you have. Thoreau believes that people are spending too much time with each other, make them respect each other less and feel unhappy. He also thinks that when the more people are around you, you are lonely (Thoreau, par. 10). Thoreau is trying to prove that being alone with nature is the true happiness. 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Online Role Playing Game ( Mmorpg ) - 1259 Words

When you play games online, do you play the games casually or hardcore? A massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) called Mabinogi. In this game, you will meet thousands of players online to get involve into many activities to have fun. The original game first came out in 2004 in South Korea, but it was localized into North America in 2008. The game is free-to-play where it can be downloaded from the game website, but it must fulfill certain system requirements to properly play the game. (Mabinogi. Mabinogi). Mabinogi is a game where the imagination is potentially endless than what I thought. When playing Mabinogi, I recommend playing the mainstream generations because the story plays a much darker event than what it looks like. In order to start the game, you will need to pick a server, create your character between the 3 races: Human, Elf or Giant, select a talent in the talent system, and use the tutorial to understand the combat system. 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Prelude to Foundation Chapter 7 Mycogen Free Essays

MYCOGEN-†¦ A sector of ancient Trantor buried in the past of its own legends. Mycogen made little impact on the planet. Self-satisfied and self-separated to a degree†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 31. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 7 Mycogen or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Seldon woke, he found a new face looking at him solemnly. For a moment he frowned owlishly and then he said, â€Å"Hummin?† Hummin smiled very slightly. â€Å"You remember me, then?† â€Å"It was only for a day, nearly two months ago, but I remember. You were not arrested, then, or in any way-â€Å" â€Å"As you see, I am here, quite safe and whole, but-and he glanced at Dors, who stood to one side-â€Å"it was not very easy for me to come here.† Seldon said, â€Å"I’m glad to see you.-Do you mind, by the way?† He jerked his thumb in the direction of the bathroom. Hummin said, â€Å"Take your time. Have breakfast.† Hummin didn’t join him at breakfast. Neither did Dors. Nor did they speak. Hummin scanned a book-film with an attitude of easy absorption. Dors inspected her nails critically and then, taking out a microcomputer, began making notes with a stylus. Seldon watched them thoughtfully and did not try to start a conversation. The silence now might be in response to some Trantorian reserve customary at a sickbed. To be sure, he now felt perfectly normal, but perhaps they did not realize that. It was only when he was done with his last morsel and with the final drop of milk (which he was obviously getting used to, for it no longer tasted odd) that Hummin spoke. He said, â€Å"How are you, Seldon?† â€Å"Perfectly well, Hummin. Sufficiently well, certainly, for me to be up and about.† â€Å"I’m glad to hear it,† said Hummin dryly. â€Å"Dors Venabili was much to blame in allowing this to happen.† Seldon frowned. â€Å"No. I insisted on going Upperside.† â€Å"I’m sure, but she should, at all costs, have gone with you.† â€Å"I told her I didn’t want her to go with me.† Dors said, â€Å"That’s not so, Hari. Don’t defend me with gallant lies.† Seldon said angrily, â€Å"But don’t forget that Dors also came Upperside after me, against strong resistance, and undoubtedly saved my life. That’s not bending the truth at all. Have you added that to your evaluation, Hummin?† Dors interrupted again, obviously embarrassed. â€Å"Please, Hari. Chetter Hummin is perfectly correct in feeling that I should either have kept you from going Upperside or have gone up with you. As for my subsequent actions, he has praised them.† â€Å"Nevertheless,† said Hummin, â€Å"that is past and we can let it go. Let us talk about what happened Upperside, Seldon.† Seldon looked about and said guardedly, â€Å"Is it safe to do so?† Hummin smiled slightly. â€Å"Dors has placed this room in a Distortion Field. I can be pretty sure that no Imperial agent at the University-if there is one-has the expense to penetrate it. You are a suspicious person, Seldon.† â€Å"Not by nature,† said Seldon. â€Å"Listening to you in the park and afterward- You are a persuasive person, Hummin. By the time you were through, I was ready to fear that Eto Demerzel was lurking in every shadow.† â€Å"I sometimes think he might be,† said Hummin gravely. â€Å"If he was,† said Seldon, â€Å"I wouldn’t know it was he. What does he look like?† â€Å"That scarcely matters. You wouldn’t see him unless he wanted you to and by then it would all be over, I imagine-which is what we must prevent. Let’s talk about that jet-down you saw.† Seldon said, â€Å"As I told you, Hummin, you filled me with fears of Demerzel. As soon as I saw the jet-down, I assumed he was after me, that I had foolishly stepped outside the protection of Streeling University by going Upperside, that I had been lured up there for the specific purpose of being picked up without difficulty.† Dors said, â€Å"On the other hand, Leggen-â€Å" Seldon said quickly, â€Å"Was he here last night?† â€Å"Yes, don’t you remember?† â€Å"Vaguely. I was dead tired. It’s all a blur in my memory.† â€Å"Well, when he was here last night, Leggen said that the jet-down was merely a meteorological vessel from another station. Perfectly ordinary. Perfectly harmless.† â€Å"What?† Seldon was taken aback. â€Å"I don’t believe that.† Hummin said, â€Å"Now the question is: Why don’t you believe that? Was there anything about the jet-down that made you think it was dangerous? Something specific, that is, and not just a pervasive suspicion placed in your head by me.† Seldon thought back, biting his lower lip. He said, â€Å"Its actions. It seemed to push its forepart below the cloud deck, as though it were looking for something, then it would appear in another spot just the same way, then in another spot, and so on. It seemed to be searching Upperside methodically, section by section, and homing in on me.† Hummin said, â€Å"Perhaps you were personifying, Seldon. You may have been treating the jet-down as though it was a strange animal looking for you. It wasn’t, of course. It was simply a jet-down and if it was a meteorological vessel, its actions were perfectly normal†¦ and harmless.† Seldon said, â€Å"It didn’t seem that way to me.† Hummin said, â€Å"I’m sure it didn’t, but we don’t actually know anything. Your conviction that you were in danger is simply an assumption. Leggen’s decision that it was a meteorological vessel is also only an assumption.† Seldon said stubbornly, â€Å"I can’t believe that it was an entirely innocent event.† â€Å"Well then,† said Hummin, â€Å"suppose we assume the worst-that the vessel was looking for you. How would whoever sent that vessel know you would be there to seek?† Dors interjected, â€Å"I asked Dr. Leggen if he had, in his report of the forthcoming meteorological work, included the information that Hari would be with the group. There was no reason he should in the ordinary course of events and he denied that he had, with considerable surprise at the question. I believed him.† Hummin said thoughtfully, â€Å"Don’t believe him too readily. Wouldn’t he deny it, in any case? Now ask yourself why he allowed Seldon to come along in the first place. We know he objected initially, but he did relent, without much fight. And that, to me, seems rather out of character for Leggen.† Dors frowned and said, â€Å"I suppose that does make it a bit more likely that he did arrange the entire affair. Perhaps he permitted Hari’s company only in order to put him in the position of being taken. He might have received orders to that effect. We might further argue that he encouraged his young intern, Clowzia, to engage Hari’s attention and draw him away from the group, isolating him. That would account for Leggen’s odd lack of concern over Hari’s absence when it came time to go below. He would insist that Hari had left earlier, something he would have laid the groundwork for, since he had carefully showed him how to go down by himself. It would also account for his reluctance to go back up in search of him, since he would not want to waste time looking for someone he assumed would not be found.† Hummin, who had listened carefully, said, â€Å"You make an interesting case against him, but let’s not accept that too readily either. After all, he did come Upperside with you in the end.† â€Å"Because footsteps had been detected. The Chief Seismologist had [been] witness to that.† â€Å"Well, did Leggen show shock and surprise when Seldon was found? I mean, beyond that of finding someone who had been brought into extreme peril through Leggen’s own negligence. Did he act as though Seldon wasn’t supposed to be there? Did he behave as though he were asking himself: How is it they didn’t pick him up?† Dors thought carefully, then said, â€Å"He was obviously shocked by the sight of Hari lying there, but I couldn’t possibly tell if there was anything to his feelings beyond the very natural horror of the situation.† â€Å"No, I suppose you couldn’t.† But now Seldon, who had been looking from one to the other as they spoke and who had been listening intently, said, â€Å"I don’t think it was Leggen.† Hummin transferred his attention to Seldon. â€Å"Why do you say that?† â€Å"For one thing, as you noted, he was clearly unwilling to have me come along. It took a whole day of argument and I think he agreed only because he had the impression that I was a clever mathematician who could help him out with meteorological theory. I was anxious to go up there and, if he had been under orders to see to it that I was taken Upperside, there would have been no need to be so reluctant about it.† â€Å"Is it reasonable to suppose he wanted you only for your mathematics? Did he discuss the mathematics with you? Did he make an attempt to explain his theory to you?† â€Å"No,† said Seldon, â€Å"he didn’t. He did say something about going into it later on, though. The trouble was, he was totally involved with his instruments. I gathered he had expected sunshine that hadn’t showed up and he was counting on his instruments having been at fault, but they were apparently working perfectly, which frustrated him. I think this was an unexpected development that both soured his temper and turned his attention away from me. As for Clowzia, the young woman who preoccupied me for a few minutes, I do not get the feeling, as I look back on it, that she deliberately led me away from the scene. The initiative was mine. I was curious about the vegetation on Upperside and it was I who drew her away, rather than vice versa. Far from Leggen encouraging her action, he called her back while I was still in sight and I moved farther away and out of sight entirely on my own.† â€Å"And yet,† said Hummin, who seemed intent on objecting to every suggestion that was made, â€Å"if that ship was looking for you, those on board must have known you’d be there. How would they know-if not from Leggett?† â€Å"The man I suspect,† said Seldon, â€Å"is a young psychologist named Lisung Randa† â€Å"Randa?† said Dors. â€Å"I can’t believe that. I know him. He simply would not be working for the Emperor. He’s anti-Imperialist to the core.† â€Å"He might pretend to be,† said Seldon. â€Å"In fact, he would have to be openly, violently, and extremely anti-Imperialist if he was trying to mask the fact that he is an Imperial agent.† â€Å"But that’s exactly what he’s not like,† said Dors. â€Å"He is not violent and extreme in anything. He’s quiet and good-natured and his views are always expressed mildly, almost timidly. I’m convinced they’re genuine.† â€Å"And yet, Dors,† said Seldon earnestly, â€Å"it was he who first told me of the meteorological project, it was he who urged me to go Upperside, and it was he who persuaded Leggen to allow me to join him, rather exaggerating my mathematical prowess in the process. One must wonder why he was so anxious to get me up there, why he should labor so hard.† â€Å"For your good, perhaps. He was interested in you, Hari, and must have thought that meteorology might have been useful in psychohistory. Isn’t that possible?† Hummin said quietly, â€Å"Let’s consider another point. There was a considerable lapse of time between the moment when Randa told you about the meteorology project and the moment you actually went Upperside. If Randa is innocent of anything underhanded, he would have no particular reason to keep quiet about it. If he is a friendly and gregarious person-â€Å" â€Å"He is,† said Dors. â€Å"-then he might very likely tell a number of friends about it. In that case, we couldn’t really tell who the informer might be. In fact, just to make another point, suppose Randa is anti-Imperialist. That would not necessarily mean he is not an agent. We would have to ask: Whom is he an agent for? On whose behalf does he work?† Seldon was astonished. â€Å"Who else is there to work for but the Empire? Who else but Demerzel?† Hummin raised his hand. â€Å"You are far from understanding the whole complexity of Trantorian politics, Seldon.† He turned toward Dors. â€Å"Tell me again: Which were the four sectors that Dr. Leggen named as likely sources for a meteorological vessel?† â€Å"Hestelonia, Wye, Ziggoreth, and North Damiano.† â€Å"And you did not ask the question in any leading way? You didn’t ask if a particular sector might be the source?† â€Å"No, definitely not. I simply asked if he could speculate as to the source of the jet-down.† â€Å"And you†-Hummin turned to Seldon â€Å"may perhaps have seen some marking, some insigne, on the jet-down?† Seldon wanted to retort heatedly that the vessel could hardly be seen through the clouds, that it emerged only briefly, that he himself was not looking for markings, but only for escape-but he held back. Surely, Hummin knew all that. Instead, he said simply, â€Å"I’m afraid not.† Dors said, â€Å"If the jet-down was on a kidnapping mission, might not the insigne have been masked?† â€Å"That is the rational assumption,† said Hummin, â€Å"and it tray well have been, but in this Galaxy rationality does not always triumph. However, since Seldon seems to have taken no note of any details concerning the vessel, we can only speculate. What I’m thinking is: Wye.† â€Å"Why?† echoed Seldon. â€Å"I presume they wanted to take me because whoever was on the ship wanted me for my knowledge of psychohistory.† â€Å"No, no.† Hummin lifted his right forefinger as if lecturing a young student. â€Å"W-y-e. It is the name of a sector on Trantor. A very special sector. It has been ruled by a line of Mayors for some three thousand years. It has been a continuous line, a single dynasty. There was a time, some five-hundred years ago, when two Emperors and an Empress of the House of Wye sat on the Imperial throne. It was a comparatively short period and none of the Wye rulers were particularly distinguished or successful, but the Mayors of Wye have never forgotten this Imperial past. â€Å"They have not been actively disloyal to the ruling houses that have succeeded them, but neither have they been known to volunteer much on behalf of those houses. During the occasional periods of civil war, they maintained a kind of neutrality, making moves that seemed best calculated to prolong the civil war and make it seem necessary to turn to Wye as a compromise solution. That never worked out, but they never stopped trying either. â€Å"The present Mayor of Wye is particularly capable. He is old now, but his ambition hasn’t cooled. If anything happens to Cleon-even a natural death-the Mayor will have a chance at the succession over Cleon’s own too-young son. The Galactic public will always be a little more partial toward a claimant with an Imperial past. â€Å"Therefore, if the Mayor of Wye has heard of you, you might serve as a useful scientific prophet on behalf of his house. There would be a traditional motive for Wye to try to arrange some convenient end for Cleon, use you to predict the inevitable succession of Wye and the coming of peace and prosperity for a thousand years after. Of course, once the Mayor of Wye is on the throne and has no further use for you, you might well follow Cleon to the grave.† Seldon broke the grim silence that followed by saying, â€Å"But we don’t know that it is this Mayor of Wye who is after me.† â€Å"No, we don’t. Or that anyone at all is after you, at the moment. The jet-down might, after all, have been an ordinary meteorological testing vessel as Leggen has suggested. Still, as the news concerning psychohistory and its potential spreads-and it surely must-more and more of the powerful and semi-powerful on Trantor or, for that matter, elsewhere will want to make use of your services.† â€Å"What, then,† said Dors, â€Å"shall we do?† â€Å"That is the question, indeed.† Hummin ruminated for a while, then said, â€Å"Perhaps it was a mistake to come here. For a professor, it is all too likely that the hiding place chosen would be a University. Streeling is one of many, but it is among the largest and most free, so it wouldn’t be long before tendrils from here and there would begin feeling their soft, blind way toward this place. I think that as soon as possible-today, perhaps-Seldon should be moved to another and better hiding place. But-â€Å" â€Å"But?† said Seldon. â€Å"But I don’t know where.† Seldon said, â€Å"Call up a gazeteer on the computer screen and choose a place at random.† â€Å"Certainly not,† said Hummin. â€Å"If we do that, we are as likely to find a place that is less secure than average, as one that is more secure. No, this must be reasoned out.-Somehow.† 32. The three remained huddled in Seldon’s quarters till past lunch. During that time, Hari and Dors spoke occasionally and quietly on indifferent subjects, but Hummin maintained an almost complete silence. He sat upright, ate little, and his grave countenance (which, Seldon thought, made him look older than his years) remained quiet and withdrawn. Seldon imagined him to be reviewing the immense geography of Trantor in his mind, searching for a corner that would be ideal. Surely, it couldn’t be easy. Seldon’s own Helicon was somewhat larger by a percent or two than Trantor was and had a smaller ocean. The Heliconian land surface was perhaps 10 percent larger than the Trantorian. But Helicon was sparsely populated, its surface only sprinkled with scattered cities; Trantor was all city. Where Helicon was divided into twenty administrative sectors; Trantor had over eight hundred and every one of those hundreds was itself a complex of subdivisions. Finally Seldon said in some despair, â€Å"Perhaps it might be best, Hummin, to choose which candidate for my supposed abilities is most nearly benign, hand me over to that one, and count on him to defend me against the rest.† Hummin looked up and said in utmost seriousness, â€Å"That is not necessary. I know the candidate who is most nearly benign and he already has you.† Seldon smiled. â€Å"Do you place yourself on the same level with the Mayor of Wye and the Emperor of all the Galaxy?† â€Å"In point of view of position, no. But as far as the desire to control you is concerned, I rival them. They, however, and anyone else I can think of want you in order to strengthen their own wealth and power, while I have no ambitions at all, except for the good of the Galaxy.† â€Å"I suspect,† said Seldon dryly, â€Å"that each of your competitors-if asked-would insist that he too was thinking only of the good of the Galaxy.† â€Å"I am sure they would,† said Hummin, â€Å"but so far, the only one of my competitors, as you call them, whom you have met is the Emperor and he was interested in having you advance fictionalized predictions that might stabilize his dynasty. I do not ask you for anything like that. I ask only that you perfect your psychohistorical technique so that mathematically valid predictions, even if only statistical in nature, can be made.† â€Å"True. So far, at least,† said Seldon with a half-smile. â€Å"Therefore, I might as well ask: How are you coming along with that task? Any progress?† Seldon was uncertain whether to laugh or cage. After a pause, he did neither, but managed to speak calmly. â€Å"Progress? In less than two months? Hummin, this is something that might easily take me my whole life and the lives of the next dozen who follow me.-And even then end in failure.† â€Å"I’m not talking about anything as final as a solution or even as hopeful as the beginning of a solution. You’ve said flatly a number of times that a useful psychohistory is possible but impractical. All I am asking is whether there now seems any hope that it can be made practical.† â€Å"Frankly, no.† Dors said, â€Å"Please excuse me. I am not a mathematician, so I hope this is not a foolish question. How can you know something is both possible and impractical? I’ve heard you say that, in theory, you might personally meet and greet all the people in the Empire, but that it is not a practical feat because you couldn’t live long enough to do it. But how can you tell that psychohistory is something of this sort?† Seldon looked at Dors with some incredulity. â€Å"Do you want that explained.† â€Å"Yes,† she said, nodding her head vigorously so that her curled hair vibrated. â€Å"As a matter of fact,† said Hummin, â€Å"so would I.† â€Å"Without mathematics?† said Seldon with just a trace of a smile. â€Å"Please,† said Hummin. â€Å"Well-† He retired into himself to choose a method of presentation. Then he said, â€Å"-If you want to understand some aspect of the Universe, it helps if you simplify it as much as possible and include only those properties and characteristics that are essential to understanding. If you want to determine how an object drops, you don’t concern yourself with whether it is new or old, is red or green, or has an odor or not. You eliminate those things and thus do not needlessly complicate matters. The simplification you can call a model or a simulation and you can present it either as an actual representation on a computer screen or as a mathematical relationship. If you consider the primitive theory of nonrelativistic gravitation-â€Å" Dors said at once, â€Å"You promised there would be no mathematics. Don’t try to slip it in by calling it ‘primitive.’ â€Å" â€Å"No, no. I mean ‘primitive’ only in that it has been known as long as our records go back, that its discovery is shrouded in the mists of antiquity as is that of fire or the wheel. In any case, the equations for such gravitational theory contain within themselves a description of the motions of a planetary system, of a double star, of tides, and of many other things. Making use of such equations, we can even set up a pictorial simulation and have a planet circling a star or two stars circling each other on a two-dimensional screen or set up more complicated systems in a three-dimensional holograph. Such simplified simulations make it far easier to grasp a phenomenon than it would be if we had to study the phenomenon itself. In fact, without the gravitational equations, our knowledge of planetary motions and of celestial mechanics generally would be sparse indeed. â€Å"Now, as you wish to know more and more about any phenomenon or as a phenomenon becomes more complex, you need more and more elaborate equations, more and more detailed programming, and you end with a computerized simulation that is harder and harder to grasp.† â€Å"Can’t you form a simulation of the simulation?† asked Hummin. â€Å"You would go down another degree.† â€Å"In that case, you would have to eliminate some characteristic of the phenomenon which you want to include and your simulation becomes useless. The LPS-that is, ‘the least possible simulation’ gains in complexity faster than the object being simulated does and eventually the simulation catches up with the phenomenon. Thus, it was established thousands of years ago that the Universe as a whole, in its full complexity, cannot be represented by any simulation smaller than itself. â€Å"In other words, you can’t get any picture of the Universe as a whole except by studying the entire Universe. It has been shown also that if one attempts to substitute simulations of a small part of the Universe, then another small part, then another small part, and so on, intending to put them all together to form a total picture of the Universe, one would find that there are an infinite number of such part simulations. It would therefore take an infinite time to understand the Universe in full and that is just another way of saying that it is impossible to gain all the knowledge there is.† â€Å"I understand you so far,† said Dors, sounding a little surprised. â€Å"Well then, we know that some comparatively simple things are easy to simulate and as things grow more and more complex they become harder to simulate until finally they become impossible to simulate. But at what level of complexity does simulation cease to be possible? Well, what I have shown, making use of a mathematical technique first invented in this past century and barely usable even if one employs a large and very fast computer, our Galactic society falls short of that mark. It can be represented by a simulation simpler than itself. And I went on to show that this would result in the ability to predict future events in a statistical fashion-that is, by stating the probability for alternate sets of events, rather than flatly predicting that one set will take place.† â€Å"In that case,† said Hummin, â€Å"since you can profitably simulate Galactic society, it’s only a matter of doing so. Why is it impractical?† â€Å"All I have proved is that it will not take an infinite time to understand Galactic society, but if it takes a billion years it will still be impractical. That will be essentially the same as infinite time to us.† â€Å"Is that how long it would take? A billion years?† â€Å"I haven’t been able to work out how long it would take, but I strongly suspect that it will take at least a billion years, which is why I suggested that number.† â€Å"But you don’t really know.† â€Å"I’ve been trying to work it out.† â€Å"Without success?† â€Å"Without success.† â€Å"The University library does not help?† Hummin cast a look at Dors as he asked the question. Seldon shook his head slowly. â€Å"Not at all.† â€Å"Dors can’t help?† Dors sighed. â€Å"I know nothing about the subject, Chetter. I can only suggest ways of looking. If Hari looks and doesn’t find, I am helpless.† Hummin rose to his feet. â€Å"In that case, there is no great use in staying here at the University and I must think of somewhere else to place you.† Seldon reached out and touched his sleeve. â€Å"Still, I have an idea.† Hummin stared at him with a faint narrowing of eyes that might have belied surprise-or suspicion. â€Å"When did you get the idea? Just now?† â€Å"No. It’s been buzzing in my head for a few days before I went Upperside. That little experience eclipsed it for a while, but asking about the library reminded me of it.† Hummin seated himself again. â€Å"Tell me your idea-if it’s not something that’s totally marinated in mathematics.† â€Å"No mathematics at all. It’s just that reading history in the library reminded me that Galactic society was less complicated in the past. Twelve thousand years ago, when the Empire was on the way to being established, the Galaxy contained only about ten million inhabited worlds. Twenty thousand years ago, the pre-Imperial kingdoms included only about ten thousand worlds altogether. Still deeper in the past, who knows how society shrinks down? Perhaps even to a single world as in the legends you yourself once mentioned, Hummin.† Hummin said, â€Å"And you think you might be able to work out psychohistory if you dealt with a much simpler Galactic society?† â€Å"Yes, it seems to me that I might be able to do so.† â€Å"Then too,† said Dors with sudden enthusiasm, â€Å"suppose you work out psychohistory for a smaller society of the past and suppose you can make predictions from a study of the pre-Imperial situation as to what might happen a thousand years after the formation of the Empire-you could then check the actual situation at that time and see how near the mark you were.† Hummin said coldly, â€Å"Considering that you would know in advance the situation of the year 1,000 of the Galactic Era, it would scarcely be a fair test. You would be unconsciously swayed by your prior knowledge and you would be bound to choose values for your equation in such a way as to give you what you would know to be the solution.† â€Å"I don’t think so,† said Dors. â€Å"We don’t know the situation in 1,000 G.E. very well and we would have to dig. After all, that was eleven millennia ago.† Seldon’s face turned into a picture of dismay. â€Å"What do you mean we don’t know the situation in 1,000 G.E. very well? There were computers then, weren’t there, Dors?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"And memory storage units and recordings of ear and eye? We should have all the records of 1,000 G.E. as we have of the present year of 12,020 G.E.† â€Å"In theory, yes, but in actual practice- Well, you know, Hari, it’s what you keep saying. It’s possible to have full records of 1,000 G.E., but it’s not practical to expect to have it.† â€Å"Yes, but what I keep saying, Dors, refers to mathematical demonstrations. I don’t see the applications to historical records.† Dors said defensively, â€Å"Records don’t last forever, Hari. Memory banks can be destroyed or defaced as a result of conflict or can simply deteriorate with time. Any memory bit, any record that is not referred to for a long time, eventually drowns in accumulated noise. They say that fully one third of the records in the Imperial Library are simply gibberish, but, of course, custom will not allow those records to be removed. Other libraries are less tradition-bound. In the Streeling University library, we discard worthless items every ten years. â€Å"Naturally, records frequently referred to and frequently duplicated on various worlds and in various libraries-governmental and private-remain clear enough for thousands of years, so that many of the essential points of Galactic history remain known even if they took place in pre-Imperial times. However, the farther back you go, the less there is preserved.† â€Å"I can’t believe that,† said Seldon. â€Å"I should think that new copies would be made of any record in danger of withering. How could you let knowledge disappear?† â€Å"Undesired knowledge is useless knowledge,† said Dors. â€Å"Can you imagine all the time, effort, and energy expended in a continual refurbishing of unused data? And that wastage would grow steadily more extreme with time.† â€Å"Surely, you would have to allow for the fact that someone at some time might need the data being so carelessly disposed of.† â€Å"A particular item might be wanted once in a thousand years. To save it all just in case of such a need isn’t cost-effective. Even in science. You spoke of the primitive equations of gravitation and say it is primitive because its discovery is lost in the mists of antiquity. Why should that be? Didn’t you mathematicians and scientists save all data, all information, back and back to the misty primeval time when those equations were discovered?† Seldon groaned and made no attempt to answer. He said, â€Å"Well, Hummin, so much for my idea. As we look back into the past and as society grows smaller, a useful psychohistory becomes more likely. But knowledge dwindles even more rapidly than size, so psychohistory becomes less likely-and the less outweighs the more.† â€Å"To be sure, there is the Mycogen Sector,† said Dors, musing. Hummin looked up quickly. â€Å"So there is and that would be the perfect place to put Seldon. I should have thought of it myself.† â€Å"Mycogen Sector,† repeated Hari, looking from one to the other. â€Å"What and where is Mycogen Sector?† â€Å"Hari, please, I’ll tell you later. Right now, I have preparations to make. You’ll leave tonight.† 33. Dors had urged Seldon to sleep a bit. They would be leaving halfway between lights out and lights on, under cover of â€Å"night,† while the rest of the University slept. She insisted he could still use a little rest. â€Å"And have you sleep on the floor again?† Seldon asked. She shrugged. â€Å"The bed will only hold one and if we both try to crowd into it, neither of us will get much sleep.† He looked at her hungrily for a moment and said, â€Å"Then I’ll sleep on the floor this time.† â€Å"No, you won’t. I wasn’t the one who lay in a coma in the sleet.† As it happened, neither slept. Though they darkened the room and though the perpetual hum of Trantor was only a drowsy sound in the relatively quiet confines of the University, Seldon found that he had to talk. He said, â€Å"I’ve been so much trouble to you, Dors, here at the University. I’ve even been keeping you from your work. Still, I’m sorry I’ll have to leave you.† Dors said, â€Å"You won’t leave me. I’m coming with you. Hummin is arranging a leave of absence for me.† Seldon said, dismayed, â€Å"I can’t ask you to do that.† â€Å"You’re not. Hummin’s asking it. I must guard you. After all, I faded in connection with Upperside and should make up for it.† â€Å"I told you. Please don’t feel guilty about that.-Still, I must admit I would feel more comfortable with you at my side. If I could only be sure I wasn’t interfering with your life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dors said softly, â€Å"You’re not, Hari. Please go to sleep.† Seldon lay silent for a while, then whispered, â€Å"Are you sure Hummin can really arrange everything, Dors?† Dors said, â€Å"He’s a remarkable man. He’s got influence here at the University and everywhere else, I think. If he says he can arrange for an indefinite leave for me, I’m sure he can. He is a most persuasive man.† â€Å"I know,† said Seldon. â€Å"Sometimes I wonder what he really wants of me.† â€Å"What he says,† said Dors. â€Å"He’s a man of strong and idealistic ideas and dreams.† â€Å"You sound as though you know him well, Dors.† â€Å"Oh yes, I know him well.† â€Å"Intimately?† Dors made an odd noise. â€Å"I’m not sure what you’re implying, Hari, but, assuming the most insolent interpretation- No, I don’t know him intimately. What business would that be of yours anyway?† â€Å"I’m sorry,† said Seldon. â€Å"I just didn’t want, inadvertently, to be invading someone else’s-â€Å" â€Å"Property? That’s even more insulting. I think you had better go to sleep.† â€Å"I’m sorry again, Dors, but I can’t sleep. Let me at least change the subject. You haven’t explained what the Mycogen Sector is. Why will it be good for me to go there? What’s it like?† â€Å"It’s a small sector with a population of only about two million-if I remember correctly. The thing is that the Mycogenians cling tightly to a set of traditions about early history and are supposed to have very ancient records not available to anyone else. It’s just possible they would be of more use to you in your attempted examination of pre-Imperial times than orthodox historians might be. All our talk about early history brought the sector to mind.† â€Å"Have you ever seen their records?† â€Å"No. I don’t know anyone who has.† â€Å"Can you be sure that the records really exist, then?† â€Å"Actually, I can’t say. The assumption among non-Mycogenians is that they’re a bunch of madcaps, but that may be quite unfair. They certainly say they have records, so perhaps they do. In any case, we would be out of sight there. The Mycogenians keep strictly to themselves.-And now please do go to sleep.† And somehow Seldon finally did. 34. Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili left the University grounds at 0300. Seldon realized that Dors had to be the leader. She knew Trantor better than he did-two years better. She was obviously a close friend of Hummin (how close? the question kept nagging at him) and she understood his instructions. Both she and Seldon were swathed in light swirling docks with tight-fitting hoods. The style had been a short-lived clothing fad at the University (and among young intellectuals, generally) some years back and though right now it might provoke laughter, it had the saving grace of covering them well and of making them unrecognizable-at least at a cursory glance. Hummin had said, â€Å"There’s a possibility that the event Upperside was completely innocent and that there are no agents after you, Seldon, but let’s be prepared for the worst.† Seldon had asked anxiously, â€Å"Won’t you come with us?† â€Å"I would like to,† said Hummin, â€Å"but I must limit my absence from work if I am not to become a target myself. You understand?† Seldon sighed. He understood. They entered an Expressway car and found a seat as far as possible from the few who had already boarded. (Seldon wondered why anyone should be on the Expressways at three in the morning-and then thought that it was lucky some were or he and Dors would be entirely too conspicuous.) Seldon fell to watching the endless panorama that passed in review as the equally endless line of coaches moved along the endless monorail on an endless electromagnetic field. The Expressway passed row upon row of dwelling units, few of them very tall, but some, for all he knew, very deep. Still, if tens of millions of square kilometers formed an urbanized total, even forty billion people would not require very tall structures or very closely packed ones. They did pass open areas, in most of which crops seemed to be growing-but some of which were clearly parklike. And there were numerous structures whose nature he couldn’t guess. Factories? Office buildings? Who knew? One large featureless cylinder struck him as though it might be a water tank. After all, Trantor had to have a fresh water supply. Did they sluice rain from Upperside, filter and treat it, then store it? It seemed inevitable that they should. Seldon did not have very long to study the view, however. Dors muttered, â€Å"This is about where we should be getting off.† She stood up and her strong fingers gripped his arm. They were off the Expressway now, standing on solid flooring while Dors studied the directional signs. The signs were unobtrusive and there were many of them. Seldon’s heart sank. Most of them were in pictographs and initials, which were undoubtedly understandable to native Trantorians, but which were alien to him. â€Å"This way,† said Dors. â€Å"Which way? How do you know?† â€Å"See that? Two wings and an arrow.† â€Å"Two wings? Oh.† He had thought of it as an upside-down â€Å"w,† wide and shallow, but he could see where it might be the stylized wings of a bird. â€Å"Why don’t they use words?† he said sullenly. â€Å"Because words vary from world to world. What an ‘air-jet’ is here could be a ‘soar’ on Cinna or a ‘swoop’ on other worlds. The two wings and an arrow are a Galactic symbol for an air vessel and the symbol is understood everywhere. Don’t you use them on Helicon?† â€Å"Not much. Helicon is a fairly homogeneous world, culturally speaking, and we tend to cling to our private ways firmly because we’re overshadowed by our neighbors.† â€Å"See?† said Dors. â€Å"There’s where your psychohistory might come in. You could show that even with different dialects the use of set symbols, Galaxy-wide, is a unifying force.† â€Å"That won’t help.† He was following her through empty dim alleyways and part of his mind wondered what the crime rate might be on Trantor and whether this was a high-crime area. â€Å"You can have a billion rules, each covering a single phenomenon, and you can derive no generalizations from that. That’s what one means when one says that a system might be interpreted only by a model as complex as itself.-Dors, are we heading for an air-jet?† She stopped and turned to look at him with an amused frown. â€Å"If we’re following the symbols for air-jets, do you suppose we’re trying to reach a golf course? Are you afraid of air-jets in the way so many Trantorians are?† â€Å"No, no. We fly freely on Helicon and I make use of air-jets frequently. It’s just that when Hummin took me to the University, he avoided commercial air travel because he thought we would leave too clear a trail.† â€Å"That’s because they knew where you were to begin with, Hari, and were after you already. Right now, it may be that they don’t know where you are and we’re using an obscure port and a private air-jet.† â€Å"And who’ll be doing the flying?† â€Å"A friend of Hummin’s, I presume.† â€Å"Can he be trusted, do you suppose?† â€Å"If he’s a friend of Hummin’s, he surely can.† â€Å"You certainly think highly of Hummin,† said Seldon with a twinge of discontent. â€Å"With reason,† said Dors with no attempt at coyness. â€Å"He’s the best.† Seldon’s discontent did not dwindle. â€Å"There’s the air-jet,† she said. It was a small one with oddly shaped wings. Standing beside it was a small man, dressed in the usual glaring Trantorian colors. Dors said, â€Å"We’re psycho.† The pilot said, â€Å"And I’m history.† They followed him into the air-jet and Seldon said, â€Å"Whose idea were the passwords?† â€Å"Hummin’s,† said Dors. Seldon snorted. â€Å"Somehow I didn’t think Hummin would have a sense of humor. He’s so solemn.† Dors smiled. How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 7 Mycogen, Essay examples

Analysis of Professional Skills for Business

Question: Analyse Professional Skills for Business. Answer: List of the key functionalities of the system The business analyst also makes certain system analysis with the change and increase in advance and innovative technology in an organizational management. Every company management requires an expert advice to control and analyze the situation of business. After all, the payment mode and the purchase of tickets are taken into several consideration assumptions. In the strategy of an offline basement in the first diagram, the organizational management has to incur a huge cost overhead and large investment in maintaining and manipulating the overall managerial system. This enhanced particular interface model which will be assisting the device is modulated by the interface specification of an organizational management scheme. For the adoption and implementation of payment mode generation system in the strategic and operational process of Hope Valley and Net Ball club and also for the detailed specifications of the sphere functionality, the estimated required steps that are to be followed are highlighted below by the researcher: The system of payment mode is needed to be discussed where the inheritance system will be providing the advance real time.[1] The choice of filtering which generally include the flag priority, documentation type, arrival data of the financial year, the creators of column, desk and many more. With the payment mode of the whole segmentation the entire navigation is to be hyperlinked. The payment mode profile of preference is to be chalked out according to the choice of the customer and the user. Proper authentication is needed for the acceptance assessment. Specification of the issues which are non functional Operational specification: The company management employees require the basic knowledge of handling and manipulating the payment mode system. The organization management requires an appropriate training to the staffs members and to appoint highly educated staff members within organizational managements structures.[2] Performance specification: The majority assessment for the execution purpose in the strategic segments that is needed to have enough space for managing the payment scheme module. The company management has to face huge pressure while appointing and recruiting IT professionals and IT specialists in the scenario phase of second diagram. Lifecycle requirement: The maintainability and portability is sorely needed to take the proper execution within the payment mode system in an organizational management. Accompanied by the customer enhancement is also required by the lieu of the online payment mode system. Interface specification: The user interface is very user friendly in a module segmentation system.[3] This enhanced particular interface model which will be assisting the device is modulated by the interface specification of an organizational management scheme. Accompanied by the customer enhancement is also required by the lieu of the online payment mode system. Provide an AS IS process using Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) or UML (Unified Modeling Language): Figure 1: As Is business model for the club Develop a TO BE process using BPMN or UML: Figure 2: To Be business model for the club Comparison of As is and To be diagram: The first diagram mentioned above, it has been sorely demonstrated and constructed that the Hope Valley and Net Ball club have a strong sales force that is maintained and manipulated to attract the consumer manually.[4] The diagram is associated with the TO BE process using the concept of BPMN illustrations. The diagram is made by the researcher itself. It depicts the purchase of match tickets with counter folio management. The customers will stand at the Hope Valley and Net Ball club of South Australia ticket counter and purchase the relevant tickets with respect to the preference match. The customer will give the match details to the ticket holder representative by giving the brief details of time and date of the match. After confirming the details of ticket consideration the ticket holder representative will issue the related tickets to the customers by accepting the money from the respective consumer. After accepting the match referral payment, the respective tickets gets generat ed and order will complete. This is the overall scenario of the first figure made by the researcher. The second diagram mentioned above has been duly prepared by the researcher itself. It identifies the personalization and customization segments of an advance application system. The overall diagrammatic representation is associated with the purchase of Hope Valley and Net Ball club match tickets. It is totally inherited with a personalised and a customised version maintained and manipulated with a base concept of online website booking system. The customer while at home only; can book respective match tickets by the help of the middleman authentication. This system entire works electronically through a generation interface technological system. The customer will search the respective match tickets in internet by the help of some reference websites or any third party authentication. It requires several details which include customer name, customer address, place, match data, match timings and etc. After filling the details of the match; the customer will view the complimentary mode o f the tickets; after making confirmation mail the customer will finalise the ticket date and time and continuous to move towards the payment mode option. This is the most important form of booking online complimentary tickets. The payment mode option mode contains the important data and information like bank name, customer name, amount, and password. After giving the respective details and submission confirmation; the customers will be able to download the tickets. In the above scenario, the researcher has manifested and estimated the diagrammatic representations with reference to the strategy of Hope Valley and Net Ball club. There are utmost comparison module regarding the two diagram presented above. The researcher has segregated the concept of division with an offline and online module criterion.[5] In the figure of AS IS business process diagram the online purchase of match tickets are too traditional and critical. The customer has to make a long way of pavement in purchasing of match tickets while standing across the offline ticket counter. It lacks time complexion and efficiency. The management of organizational structures suffers from maximum deficiency. All the things are related with the offline module scheme whereas the invoice bill is generated in offline paper format. In second diagram, it is fully optimized with the core fundamental of online transactions. [6]It serves a genuine complexity of services. It implies advance and innov ative service technological system application demonstrations. It works fully online ad there is no compulsion of risk in buying of match tickets. The organizational management structures has maintained and manipulated a core strategy of buying performance of customers. The match tickets portfolio are to be managed by online criteria; just to avoid the harassment of the customers and the management. The customers have also acquired an option of choosing and selecting desirable seats according to their requirements.[7] The ticket generation is also performed manually. It saves much time and efficiency of an individual. It also generates the online generation of payment option by which maximum customers can upgrade its requirements and enhance its demand and supply services. Organizational team and Training team also plays a vital role in shaping the generalization of a management structure. It totally depends upon the situation that what types of services does the management wants. In the above scenario, the two scenarios has been reflected and highlighted. In both the situations, the organizational team and the training team need to acquire tough procedures to cope up with different fundamentals. The concept of organizational team and training team also impacted the entire business and organizational enterprise. In the above scenario, the two diagrammatic representations are totally different; as both the diagram depicts the online and offline strategic operational base. In the strategy of an offline basement in the first diagram, the organizational management has to incur a huge cost overhead and large investment in maintaining and manipulating the overall managerial system. It need a large infrastructural space, large number of employees and many mor e; whereas in the concept of an online strategic ticket management the organizational management has to spends a very low cost investment. It needs an online network infrastructure build by organizational department and an IT specialist. It is very easy to work in an efficient manner and saves much time complexion. Recommendations On the basis of above scenario, the researcher has given certain recommendations which generally include: It is strictly recommended to minimize the cost overhead and maximize the expansion of an organizational structural management to overcome future challenges. It is very easy to maintain and manipulate the organizational structural segmentation management to articulate the understanding of customer behavior and attitudes. To maintain and understand the latest and advanced technology in an online booking system helps and assist the customers to impoverished the efficiency and flexibility of an overall system application. There is an immense gap between the above mentioned two diagrams. is a need of emergence to appoint highly qualified employees and a professional IT specialists to articulate between different organizational structures segments. Categorization the backlog using the Moscow requirement prioritization method and identification of the stories that makes a minimum viable product. Requirements Category Descriptions Must The adoption and the implementation of the payment mode option that must be used in the Hope Valley and Net Ball club match; results in the increment of the organizational management. Should The organizational management also needs to improve their quality and quantity of ultimate consumers because the company revenue will minimize on that basis and will give organization sustainability. Could The payment mode system could provide the organizational management in the single selling of products and services and will impoverishes the study of feasibility whereas they will be accomplishing the response of consumer. Besides this the internal barriers will also be removed at a glance. Wont There will be no decrement in the payment operation system process and also in the consumer basement. The payment mode execution system is creating and enhancing the traditional complexion by giving an advanced assistance to all the related customers. The automation generation of data and information that appears previously in the strategic structures of an organizational management. Every industry whether it s small scale or large scale it has three basic motives which generally includes sales maximization, customer satisfaction and profit maximization. In this scenario, the researcher has estimated and manifested that the metric of system is generalized into payment mode option criterion.[8] After all, the payment mode and the purchase of tickets are taken into several consideration assumptions. This enhanced and advanced system gives organizational planning and support accessed data with the prior assistance of the opportunities of the business processes that will be held in the future. Development of screen designs for the two MUST stories created in the task and identification the business rules and justification the design Figure 1: System designs for two must stories The above diagram is sorely related to the system design foe the two must stories of an organizational management. The purpose of the design is to enhance the business process for the club. The system is all about presenting a latest process of booking tickets and reserving the seats in the stadium. From the above design it has been see that the customer can logging to a third party website or the clubs website to check the availability of the seats for the selected match along with the date and time. Then based on the selection the user can recheck for the confirmation of the ticket and once the confirmation is made, then the user can select the online payment option in which the third party software for payment can be integrated. Based on the option selected the customer can make the payment and confirm the ticket[9]. Once the payment is made a confirmation message and email will be generated and sent it to the users email id along with the invoice that is been generated. The received will have the online ticket that was generated and can be taken out the print and can be presented before entering the stadium. The organizational management is able to raise their customer segmentation basement. The company management has to face huge pressure while appointing and recruiting IT professionals and IT specialists in the scenario phase of second diagram.The customer will give the match details to the ticket holder representative by giving the brief details of time and date of the match. After confirming the details of ticket consideration the ticket holder representative will issue the related tickets to the customers by accepting the money from the respective consumer. It lacks time complexion and efficiency. The management of organizational structures suffers from maximum deficiency. In the above scenario, the two scenarios has been reflected and highlighted. In both the situations, the organizational team and the training team need to acquire tough procedures to cope up with different fundamentals. Once the payment is made a confirmation message and email will be generated and sent it to the users email id along with the invoice that is been generated. Every company management must requires an expert advice to control and analyze the situation of business. Acceptance Criteria for these two above stories to be done Acceptance Criteria Most of the multinational companies use the advance and modern technology for the generation of system vulnerability and varieties of online services. They systematically use the services of module segmentation that takes place in every department of an organizational management. Payment mode system criterion This facility is used in the current business situation in a unique system implementation and adoption in entire related information. With the facility of payment mode transitions the work portfolio made comparable and maximum customers get attracted which results an organizational management to increase its revenue scheme. Write a Job Description for a Business Analyst to be recruited to join your project The job of a business analyst in this assignment is to assess the detail of the organizational management which generally includes reports, policies, diagrams, graphs and models. The person is accountable for bringing out the process of integration and need of alteration method (if necessary) in an organizational management structure. Every company management requires an expert advice to control and analyze the situation of business[10]. The researcher has highlighted and highlighted several aspects and responsibilities of a business analyst which are as follows: Strategy Planning: Every business analyst provides the work portfolio management of strategic planning criterion. Planning of several of planning is sorely required in an organizational management. Determination of best practices and current methods of the organizational management. The business analyst must possess the quality of maintaining and manipulating the process design of the company management. The business analyst also makes certain system analysis with the change and increase in advance and innovative technology in an organizational management. The work portfolio of a business analyst in an organizational management is to monitor the operational and strategic planning criterion to deploy the modeling techniques. It is strongly recommended that the work portfolio management of the above diagram must be maintained by all organizational management. References Alotaibi, Youseef and Fei Liu, "Survey Of Business Process Management: Challenges And Solutions" [2016]Enterprise Information Systems Baghdadi, Youcef, "Enterprise Social Interaction Patterns: Enabler Of Enterprise Transformation" (2013) 3Journal of Enterprise Transformation Hendrickx, Harry H. M., "Business Architect: A Critical Role In Enterprise Transformation" (2015) 5Journal of Enterprise Transformation KÅ‚osowski, SÅ‚awomir, "The Application Of Organizational Restructuring In Enterprise Strategic Management Process" (2012) 16Management Knight, M., "Producing Transformative Learning In Business And Professional Communication" (2015) 78Business and Professional Communication Quarterly Lee, J., "Rational Strategic Management And The Normative Solution" (2014) 2014Academy of Management Proceedings Leighton, Patricia and Tui McKeown, "The Rise Of Independent Professionals: Their Challenge For Management" (2015) 22Small Enterprise Research Mezghani, Karim and Lassad Mezghani, "Effects Of Business Managers Skills On Enterprise Resources Planning Strategic Alignment" (2014) 3American Journal of Business and Management Powell, T. C., "Strategic Management And The Person" (2014) 12Strategic Organization Schlemper, M. Beth, Joy K. Adams and Michael Solem, "Geographers In Business, Government, And Nonprofit Organizations: Skills, Challenges, And Professional Identities" (2013) 66The Professional Geographer Stoichev, Kiril Petrov, "The Role Of Business Continuity Management In The Business Management System" (2014) 2SJBM